Intelligence Agencies and Just War on Terrorism Essay

America and its associate face world that has become to a greater extent(prenominal) and more dangerous with its weapons of mass destruction and shadowy world of terrorists more than willing to call them. The wisdom of the yesteryear does not have the prescience or universal insight to deal with this new threat. America and its allies must change direction if they wish to respond to the challenge in an effective manner, even if it kernel employing policies that seemed dubious in the past. The state is called to protect its citizens in Machiavellian world, filled with depravity and compromise.The church is called to assent to the superior wisdom of those who have the modified parole, experience and expertise to handle the current crisis. Our forefathers came from Europe to hang in wilderness that was not always hospitable. Death was imminent, and survival was upper closely on all their minds. The colonisation in Jamestown, after(prenominal) the death of Powhatan, suffer ed an unprovoked attack at the hands of the Native Americans in 1622, in which some 375 settlers were massacred.The immediate response was to make perfidious treaty with the natives and then starve them by tan their crops late that summer. It was matter of survival. It was either us or them. (Amit 2003 127) The same insurance policy was followed by the Puritans of Massachusetts when the Pequot Indians, most war-like people, presented an imminent threat in the mind of these settlers. Rather than wait around to die, they proceeded to attack them first, killing in cardinal horrific conflagration of Pequot fort some 4oo men, women and children.The exact motives behind the massacre remain unclear, scarce no doubt survival was uppermost in their minds. Today the situation that confronts the American people is not so different. It is similar to that of their ancestors in many ways and direr in regard to the number of lives at stake. one can debate whether the times have waxed worse and worse, hardly it is beyond interview that the times have proved more and more critical with their weapons of mass destruction (weapon of mass destruction) and the ever-increasing number of authorisation users.The nation of Israel felt this threat in 1981 when it conducted pre-emptive strike against an Iraki nuclear reactor. The United States roundly condemned the achieve at the time, but with the threat now facing them from this and other rogue nations new policy has emerged. The nefarious intentions of the Iraqi regime atomic number 18 apparent to most observers. It appears as if this regime plans to continue the production of WMD and deliver these weapons themselves or distribute them through the shadowy world of terrorist net works to designated targets in this clandestine manner.The signs of the times are all around us. Iraq already has violated over fifty UN resolutions to date. The UN inspectors revealed that Saddam was vigorously working on stockpile of WMDchem ical, biological and nuclear, and by the mid-9os he began to deny them access to his supply. He already has employ these weapons against his own people and waves of foot soldiers in his war with Iran. He has pledged on number of make to bring destruction upon the United States, and even planned the assassination of its former president, George Bush.He has subsidized and continues to nurse terrorist groups throughout the region, including Hamas and Islamic Jihad according to seized Palestinian documents. His relation to terrorism is matter of grave concern. (Rahul 2002 37-44) It provides special channel to deliver and promote his wicked designs, Bin Laden has called it religious duty for his minions to obtain and use WMD against the infidels, but he knows that his terrorist network needs help.It is only in the movies that Dr No is able to reach the facilities to manufacture and deliver WMD. In the real world of terrorism, the capacity to make and utilize these weapons require s the help of government. Aum Shinrikyo, Nipponese cult, tried to kill thousands of commuters with potent nerve agent but managed to kill only dozen after spending somewhere around thirty million dollars. The loss of these lives was tragic but much less(prenominal) than expected and displayed the complexity of operations using these agents.The cult was not able to produce the chemical (sarin) in sufficient purity and resorted to using most primitive delivery systemcarrying it on train and intense bags of it with tips of umbrellas. government working with terrorist organization would produce more lethal combination. 3 In light of this threat, it appears as if the only long-term solution is to eliminate the regime in Baghdad. Some would argue that there is no need to rush into war. But one wonders how realistic this option is in view of the track read of the regime. Is it realistic to believe that Iraq would comply with inspectors?It did not the first time around, not in to to, would the UN impose the needed sanctions and penalties if it did not? Or would it ignore certain closed doors and cave in as it did before to Iraqi demands? And even if unmolested, would the inspectors catch the regime in its lies, knowing that it is likely to play shell game and was accustomed four years to hide its weapons? (Bruce 2003 44) Donnes fatalistic maxim succinctly defines the essential context that raw information services function inwardly, and the variables determining their relative fortunes.Their experiences suggest that they are very human institutions for the most part shaped by the vagaries of circumstances beyond their control, not to mention misfortune and luck. As refined training used by the state to further national cultivations and policies, acquaintance is directed, collected, analyzed and disseminated (the intelligence cycle) within the milieu of international politics. Intelligence work must therefrom function within the anarchical orderli ness of Great Powers. 1 Equally significant is the extent to which intelligence functionaries serve at the mercy of their policy masters.The intelligence officers themselves, in their various professional incarnations, are the desperate men in this formulation, striving as they do to carry out their risky and/or problematic duties in the face of inertia and at once opposition on the part of rivals, enemies, and occasionally their own countrymen. It is unlikely that any intelligence service in history has ever completely escaped subjugation to such restrictive bondage. As mentioned in the antecedent chapter, the war on al Qaeda should be deliberate broad-front attack.It is already that in practice, but the rule for sustaining this onset is less established and troubles are certain because such strategy requires relating the efforts of multiple agencies, subagencies, and even nations, and it sometimes necessitates rapid action. This would seem to require two enhancements of cap ability which may at first seem contradictory, but they are complementary and equally important. (Paul 2002 31) These facts hold particularly true for the office of strategical Services representation in London, Americas critical liaison and operational intelligence outpost during the Second world War.Expanding to peak of 2,800 personnel in 1944, OSS/London was originally established in October 1941 with the arrival of single representative, followed by staff nucleus the day after Americas entry into the war. Eventually consisting of contingents from the four study OSS branches-Research and Analysis, Secret Intelligence, Special operations, and X-2 (counter-intelligence)-the mission served as focal point for Anglo-American intelligence relations in the determining(prenominal) theatre in the war against Germany.The London mission was at the heart of OSS relations with British intelligence, and as such it personified the essence of that connection in the Allied war effort. Th e Allied invasion of Europe ensured that OSS/London, more than any other OSS outpost, would have the greatest opportunity to perform decisive role in the intelligence war. Other OSS missions would too make important contributions, notably in Cairo, Algiers and Italy but these were ultimately secondary theatres, go in the Pacific and Asia, OSS never acquired the sound relationship with the military necessary for intelligence operations.London was at the heart of the Allied war effort, and at the heart of the Anglo-American alliance itself. While intelligence exchanges with the Soviet compass north have been documented by Bradley F. Smith, London was the big league in Allied intelligence during the war. numerous significant matters were accordingly played-out there, offering detailed examples of intelligence services in action. The experiences of OSS in London therefore illuminate the process by which America was introduced to the various components of intelligence and clandestin e work, and how sound American intelligence performed in its own right.As the presumed precursor to the post-war US Central Intelligence Agency, OSS further invites study in order to understand the antecedents of Americas Cold War intelligence service. The significant Anglo-American context of the phylogeny of modern American intelligence moreover suggests that the Anglo-American Special Relationship had an intelligence component that was manifested most strongly and clearly in OSS/London. (Bruce 2oo3 75) The mission thus provides case study of how US intelligence matured and became charge within the context of the larger Anglo-American political-military alliance.This analysis accordingly examines an aspect of that alliance and of intelligence history in particular, that has not yet been explored in any all-embracing detail. It is part of current historiographical review of the significance of intelligence services in military and international affairs. It specifically exami nes OSS/London within the context of Anglo-American relations, as well as the ontogenesis of some(prenominal) modern American, and Allied, intelligence during the Second World War.The general research access code blends what has been termed the American and British coachs of intelligence scholarship. The more historical nature of British intelligence studies has been noted by Kenneth G. Robertson, while Roy Godsons Intelligence an American View, in Robertsons British and American Approaches to Intelligence, distinguishes between this historical methodology and the more conceptual or theoretical nature of American studies (for example, Sherman Kents Strategic Intelligence for American World Policy).British diplomatic historian D. C. Watt has therefore identified these approaches as two distinct schools of intelligence study, though juvenile noteworthy British contribution to the theoretical school is Michael Hermans Intelligence Power in Peace and War, which surveys the interre lationship between post-war structures, tasks, and effectiveness. This study for its part demonstrates the influences of both schools by linking theoretical concepts to the role of intelligence ties within the larger wartime Anglo-American alliance.(Neville 2004 45) The second general purpose involves assessment the relevance and professionalization of the OSS intelligence effort within the Anglo-American alliance, much of the existing literature on OSS has been inattentive with the question of whether OSS had an impact on the war, of whether it accomplished anything of consequence. This very concern dominated the first ever OSS concourse held at the US National Archives in July 1991. (Paul 2001 38-77)There has moreover been number of recent works beginning to examine the documentation on the OSS operational record in various geographic areas, such as Romania and China. 7 Richard Aldrich has gone considerable way toward surveying OSS links and rivalries with British intelligence in the Far East. 8 Particularly noteworthy in terms of this present study is Jay Jakubs recent Spies and Saboteurs, survey of Anglo-American collaboration and rivalry in espionage and special operations in North Africa, Yugoslavia, Asia, and France.Jakub focuses on identifying alter degrees of mutual dependence and independence in these specific operational realms, and is more substantially documented approach to the operational evolution of OSS, including within OSS/London. Having said that, no existing work on OSS has really intercommunicate the experience of any OSS mission in terms of the trend identified by Andrew and Dilks, or provided comprehensive analysis of all the major OSS branches in their activities.The question of overall OSS significance to the war effort also remains largely unresolved historiographically. This present study therefore strives to detail OSS/Londons evolution and activities comprehensively, and to establish their larger significance to the insti tutionalization of American intelligence after the war. The third major research goal flows naturally from the second to illuminate this alliance intelligence relationship within the larger framework of Anglo-American competitive cooperation.This phrase was coined by David Reynolds to describe how Britain and America acted in concert as circumstances required, while allay maneuvering for advantage and preeminence as powers. Linking this phenomenon with the ambiguity, ambivalence, misuse and circumstance inherent in intelligence operations as suggested by intelligence theory invites an analysis of the intelligence relations between two major wartime powers, or more bluntly, to place this intelligence study within the context of Great Power politics. (Anthony 2002 122-56)